International Association of Educators   |  ISSN: 1308-9501
International Journal of Educational Researchers
International Association of Educators

Original article | International Journal of Educational Researchers 2023, Vol. 14(2) 21-33

Emotional Intelligence, Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover Intention: Gender-based Study of University Teachers

Noman Hafeez, Mehvi̇sh Zahrah, Sehri̇sh Tahi̇r & Arslan Aslam

pp. 21 - 33   |  DOI: https://doi.org/10.29329/ijer.2023.565.2   |  Manu. Number: MANU-2205-18-0001.R2

Published online: June 30, 2023  |   Number of Views: 186  |  Number of Download: 452

Save PDF

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to examine the differences between male and female university professors' emotional intelligence, organizational commitment, work happiness, and plans to leave the profession. When conducting a survey, researchers used random sampling. Data were gathered from 550 Pakistani university lecturers, 275 of whom were male and 275 of whom were female. As134 respondents failed to give enough information on survey questionnaires, the data analysis comprised of only remaining 416 participants’ answers (203 male and 213 female). Processing and analysis of the data were done using SPSS Version 16. In the research, males were shown to be more emotionally intelligent than female professors. Teachers' intentions to leave and their levels of work satisfaction varied significantly between males and females, but there was no substantial difference in the level of dedication of the instructors towards their schools.

Keywords: Gender Differences, Emotional Intelligence, Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction, Turnover Intension

How to Cite this Article?

APA 6th edition
Hafeez, N., Zahrah, M., Tahi̇r, S. & Aslam, A. (2023). Emotional Intelligence, Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover Intention: Gender-based Study of University Teachers . International Journal of Educational Researchers, 14(2), 21-33. doi: 10.29329/ijer.2023.565.2

Harvard
Hafeez, N., Zahrah, M., Tahi̇r, S. and Aslam, A. (2023). Emotional Intelligence, Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover Intention: Gender-based Study of University Teachers . International Journal of Educational Researchers, 14(2), pp. 21-33.

Chicago 16th edition
Hafeez, Noman, Mehvi̇sh Zahrah, Sehri̇sh Tahi̇r and Arslan Aslam (2023). "Emotional Intelligence, Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover Intention: Gender-based Study of University Teachers ". International Journal of Educational Researchers 14 (2):21-33. doi:10.29329/ijer.2023.565.2.
References
  1. Abraham, R. (1999). Emotional intelligence in organizations: A conceptualization. Genetic, social, and general psychology monographs, 125(2), 209. [Google Scholar]
  2. Abraham, R. (2000). The role of job control as a moderator of emotional dissonance and emotional intelligence–outcome relationships. The Journal of Psychology, 134(2), 169-184. [Google Scholar]
  3. Abraham, R. (2004). Emotional competence as antecedent to performance: A contingency framework. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 130(2), 117-145. [Google Scholar]
  4. Adams, J. S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. In Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 267-299). Academic Press. [Google Scholar]
  5. Adeyemo, D. A. (2007). Emotional intelligence and the relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment of employee in public parastatals in Oyo State, Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of social sciences, 4(2), 324-330. [Google Scholar]
  6. Adeyemo, D. A., & Ogunyemi, B. (2005). Emotional Intelligence and self-efficacy as predictors of occupational stress among academic staff in Nigeria University. Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership, 7(2), 1-14. [Google Scholar]
  7. Affum-Osei, E., Acquaah, E., & Acheampong, P. (2015). Relationship between organisational commitment and demographic variables: Evidence from a commercial bank in Ghana. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 5(12), 769. [Google Scholar]
  8. Alikhani, M., Aghili, R., Arzhang, N., Yadolahi, A., &Shafahi, S. (2015). Examining the relationship between emotional intelligence, organizational commitment and job satisfaction among managers. GMP Review, 16, 272-276. [Google Scholar]
  9. Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of occupational psychology, 63(1), 1-18. [Google Scholar]
  10. Alnabhan, M. (2008). Assessing the high school teachers’ emotional intelligence in Karak district of Jordan. Gifted and Talented International, 23(1), 81-86. [Google Scholar]
  11. Anari, N. N. (2012). Teachers: emotional intelligence, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. Journal of workplace Learning, 24(4), 256-269. [Google Scholar]
  12. Aydin, A., Sarier, Y., &Uysal, S. (2011). The Effect of Gender on Organizational Commitment of Teachers: A Meta Analytic Analysis. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 11(2), 628-632. [Google Scholar]
  13. Aydin, A., Uysal, S., &Sarier, Y. (2012). The effect of gender on job satisfaction of teachers: a meta-analysis study. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 356-362. [Google Scholar]
  14. Bar-On, R. (2006). The Bar-On model of emotional-social intelligence (ESI). Psicothema, 18(Suppl), 13–25. [Google Scholar]
  15. Bender, K. A., Donohue, S. M., & Heywood, J. S. (2005). Job satisfaction and gender segregation. Oxford economic papers, 57(3), 479-496. [Google Scholar]
  16. Boyatzis, R. E., Goleman, D., & Rhee, K. (2000). Clustering competence in emotional intelligence: Insights from the Emotional Competence Inventory (ECI). Handbook of emotional intelligence, 99(6), 343-362. [Google Scholar]
  17. Buchanan, B. (1974). Building Organizational Commitment: The Socialization of Managers in Work Organizations, Administrative Science. [Google Scholar]
  18. Castro-Schilo, L., & Kee, D. W. (2010). Gender differences in the relationship between emotional intelligence and right hemisphere lateralization for facial processing. Brain and cognition, 73(1), 62-67. [Google Scholar]
  19. Çoğaltay, N. (2015). Organizational commitment of teachers: A meta-analysis study for the effect of gender and marital status in Turkey. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 15(4). [Google Scholar]
  20. Cole, G. A. (2003). Management Theory and Practice. Int. Thomson Business Press. [Google Scholar]
  21. Cotton, J. L., & Tuttle, J. M. (1986). Employee turnover: a meta-analysis and review with implications for research. Academy of Management Review,11,55-70. [Google Scholar]
  22. Crosby, F. (2015). Investigating the Impact of Employee Age and Gender on Organizational Commitment, Retention and Possible Turnover Intentions in an Irish Call Centre Setting (Unpublished MA thesis). National College of Ireland. [Google Scholar]
  23. Dixon, M. A., Turner, B. A., Cunningham, G. B., Sagas, M., & Kent, A. (2005). Challenge is key: an investigation of affective organizational commitment in undergraduate interns. Journal of Education for Business, 80,172-180. [Google Scholar]
  24. Fako, T. T., Stoffel, R. T., Moeng, S. R. T., & Forcheh, N. (2009). Gender differences in satisfaction with the type of work university employees do: Evidence from the university of Botswana. Journal of Service Science and Management, 2,404-417 [Google Scholar]
  25. Farooq, N., & Zia, Y. A. (2013). Gender and organizational commitment. PUTAJ –Humanities and Social Sciences, 20, 273-281. [Google Scholar]
  26. Gligorović, B., Terek, E., Glušac, D., Sajfert, Z., & Adamović, Z. (2014). Job satisfaction and gender differences in job satisfaction of teachers in Serbian primary schools. Journal of Engineering Management and Competitiveness,4(2),94-100. [Google Scholar]
  27. Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence. Bantam Books. [Google Scholar]
  28. Goleman, D. (1998). What makes a leader? Harvard Business Review, 76(6), 93-102. [Google Scholar]
  29. Greenberg, J., & Baron, R. A. (2000). Behavior in Organizations. Prentice Hall. [Google Scholar]
  30. Grewal, D., & Salovey, P. (2005). Feeling smart: the science of emotional intelligence. American Scientist, 93, 330-339. [Google Scholar]
  31. Griffeth, R. W., Hom, P. W., & Gaertner, S. (2000). A meta-analysis of antecedents and correlates of employee turnover: update, moderator tests, and research implications for the next millennium. Journal of Management, 26(3), 463–488. [Google Scholar]
  32. Grossman, M., & Wood, W. (1993). Sex differences in intensity of emotional experience: a social role interpretation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1010-1022. [Google Scholar]
  33. Gurol, A., Ozercan, M. G., & Yalçin, H. (2010). A comparative analysis of pre-service teachers’ perceptions of self-efficacy and emotional intelligence. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2, 3246-3251. [Google Scholar]
  34. Guzeller, C. O., & Celiker, N. (2020). Examining the relationship between organizational commitment and turnover intention via a meta-analysis. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 14(1), 102-120. [Google Scholar]
  35. Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., & Snyderman, B. B. (1959). The Motivation to Work. John Wiley and Sons. [Google Scholar]
  36. Homans, G. (1958). Social behavior as exchange. American Journal of Sociology, 63, 597-606. [Google Scholar]
  37. Huber, S., & West, M. (2002). Developing School Leaders: A Critical Review of Current Practices, Approaches and Issues, and Some Directions for the Future. In K. Leithwood, P. Hallinger, G. Furman, P. Gronn, J. MacBeath, B. Mulford, and K. Riley. (eds.) (2002). Second International Handbook of Educational Leadership and Administration (pp. 1071-1101). Kluwer. [Google Scholar]
  38. ILO. (2010). A Skilled Workforce for Strong, Sustainable and Balanced Growth: A G20 Training Strategy. International Labour Office – Geneva, 2010. [Google Scholar]
  39. Ismail, N. (2012). Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction among Staff of Higher Learning Education Institutions in Kelantan (Master of Human Resource Management Thesis). Universiti Utara Malaysia. [Google Scholar]
  40. Ivancevich, J. M., Matteson, M. T., Freedman, S. M., & Phillips, J. S. (1990). Worksite stress management interventions. American Psychologist, 45(2), 252-261. [Google Scholar]
  41. Joseph, D. L., & Newman, D. A. (2010). Emotional intelligence: an integrative meta-analysis and cascading model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 54-78. [Google Scholar]
  42. Kafetsios, K. (2004). Attachment and emotional intelligence abilities across the life course. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 129–145. [Google Scholar]
  43. Karatepe, O. M., Uludag, O., Menevis, I., Hadzimehmedagic, L., & Baddar, L. (2006). The effect of selected individual characteristics on frontline employee performance and job satisfaction. Tourism Management, 27, 547-560. [Google Scholar]
  44. Karrasch, A. I. (2003). Antecedents and consequences of organizational commitment. Military Psychology, 15(3), 225-236. [Google Scholar]
  45. Khalili, A., & Asmawi, A. (2012). Appraising the impact of gender differences on organizational commitment: Empirical evidence from a private SME in Iran. International Journal of Business and Management, 7(5), 100-110. [Google Scholar]
  46. Kim, S. (2005). Gender differences in the job satisfaction of public employees: a study of Seoul metropolitan government, Korea. Sex Roles, 9-10(52), 667-681. [Google Scholar]
  47. Kumari, P., & Priya, B. (2017). Impact of emotional intelligence on job performance and organizational commitment among bank managers. International Journal of Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Studies, 4(3), 300-311. [Google Scholar]
  48. Larkin, I. M. (2015). Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, and Turnover Intention of Online Teachers in the K-12 setting (Doctor of Education in Instructional Technology Dissertations). Kennesaw State University. [Google Scholar]
  49. Lee, C. H., & Bruvold, N. T. (2003). Creating value for employees: Investment in employee development. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14(6), 981–1000. [Google Scholar]
  50. Lee, T. H. (2012). Gender differences in voluntary turnover: still a paradox? International Business Research, 5(10), 19-28. [Google Scholar]
  51. Lyness, K. S., & Judiesch, M. K. (2001). Are female managers quitters? The relationships of gender, promotions, and family leaves of absence to voluntary turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(6), 1167-1178. [Google Scholar]
  52. Macdonald, S., & MacIntyre, P. D. (1997). The generic job satisfaction scale: scale development and its correlates. Employee Assistance Quarterly, 13(2), 1-16. [Google Scholar]
  53. Mandell, B., & Pherwani, S. (2003). Relationship between emotional intelligence and TL style: a gender comparison. Journal of Business and Psychology, 17(3), 387-404. [Google Scholar]
  54. Maphorisa, J. K. (1997). Job Satisfaction of Batswana Secondary School Teachers (Unpublished MEd Thesis). University of Botswana. [Google Scholar]
  55. Mayer, J. D., & Geher, G. (1996). Emotional intelligence and the identification of emotion. Intelligence, 22, 89-113. [Google Scholar]
  56. Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D., & Salovey, P. (1999). Emotional intelligence meets traditional standards for an intelligence. Intelligence, 27, 267–298. [Google Scholar]
  57. Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (2004). Emotional intelligence: Theory, findings, and Implications. Psychological Inquiry, 15(3), 197-215. [Google Scholar]
  58. Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991) A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management. Review, 1(1), 61-89. [Google Scholar]
  59. Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscovitch, L., &Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of vocational behavior, 61(1), 20-52. [Google Scholar]
  60. Miller, J. G., & Wheeler, K. G. (1992). Unraveling the mysteries of gender differences in intentions to leave the organization.  Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13(5), 465-478. [Google Scholar]
  61. Morrow, P. C. (1983). Concept redundancy in organizational research: The case of work commitment. Academy of management Review, 8(3), 486-500. [Google Scholar]
  62. Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W., &Dubin, R. (1974). Unit performance, situational factors, and employee attitudes in spatially separated work units. Organizational behavior and human performance, 12(2), 231-248. [Google Scholar]
  63. Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M., & Porter, L. W. (1979). The measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of vocational behavior, 14(2), 224-247. [Google Scholar]
  64. Mowday, R.T., Porter, L.W.,& Steers, R.M. (1982).Employee-organization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. Academic Press. [Google Scholar]
  65. Parker, J. D., Creque Sr, R. E., Barnhart, D. L., Harris, J. I., Majeski, S. A., Wood, L. M., ... & Hogan, M. J. (2004). Academic achievement in high school: Does emotional intelligence matter?. Personality and individual differences, 37(7), 1321-1330. [Google Scholar]
  66. Perie, M., & Baker, D. P. (1997). Job satisfaction among America’s teachers: Effects of workplace conditions, background characteristics, and teacher compensation. National Center for Education Statistics, US Department of Education. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED412181.pdf [Google Scholar]
  67. Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2000). Gender differences in measured and self-estimated trait emotional intelligence. Sex roles, 42, 449-461. [Google Scholar]
  68. Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2001). Trait emotional intelligence: Psychometric investigation with reference to established trait taxonomies. European journal of personality, 15(6), 425-448. [Google Scholar]
  69. Pook, L. A., Füstös, J., & Marian, L. (2003). The impact of gender bias on job satisfaction. Human Systems Management, 22(1), 37-50. [Google Scholar]
  70. Rosin, H., &Korabik, K. (1995). Organizational experiences and propensity to leave: A multivariate investigation of men and women managers. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 46(1), 1-16. [Google Scholar]
  71. Salami, S. O. (2008). Demographic and psychological factors predicting organizational commitment among industrial workers. The anthropologist, 10(1), 31-38. [Google Scholar]
  72. Salancik, G. R. (1977). Commitment and the control of organization behavior and belief, new directions in organization behavior. der, BM Srawve GR Salancik, Chicago, Illionis. St. Clair Pres. [Google Scholar]
  73. Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, cognition and personality, 9(3), 185-211. [Google Scholar]
  74. Salovey, P., Kokkonen, M., Lopes, P. N., & Mayer, J. D. (2004). Emotional intelligence: What do we know? In A. S. R. Manstead, N. Frijda, & A. Fischer (Eds.), Feelings and emotions: The Amsterdam symposium (pp. 321–340). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511806582.019 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  75. Sánchez-Nunez, M., Fernández-Berrocal, P., Montañés, J., & Latorre, J. M. (2008). Does emotional intelligence depend on gender? The socialization of emotional competencies in men and women and its implications. [Google Scholar]
  76. Schutte, N. S., Malouff, J. M., Hall, L. E., Haggerty, D. J., Cooper, J. T., Golden, C. J., & Dornheim, L. (1998). Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence.  Personality and individual differences, 25(2), 167-177. [Google Scholar]
  77. Seyal, A. H., &Afzaal, T. (2013). An investigation of relationship among emotional intelligence, organizational commitment and job satisfaction: evidence from academics in Brunei Darussalam. International Business Research, 6(3), 217. [Google Scholar]
  78. Shafiq, M., & Rana, R. A. (2016). Relationship of emotional intelligence to organizational commitment of college teachers in Pakistan. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 16(62). [Google Scholar]
  79. Sicherman, N. (1996). Gender differences in departures from a large firm. ILR Review, 49(3), 484-505. [Google Scholar]
  80. Steers, R. M. (1977). Antecedents and outcomes of organizational commitment. Administrative science quarterly, 46-56. [Google Scholar]
  81. Steier, L. P. (1989). When technology meets people. Training & Development Journal, 43(8), 27-30. [Google Scholar]
  82. Tett, R. P., & Meyer, J. P. (1993). Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention, and turnover: path analyses based on meta‐analytic findings. Personnel psychology, 46(2), 259-293. [Google Scholar]
  83. Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and Motivation. New York: John Wileyand Sons. [Google Scholar]
  84. Wang, Z. (2017). Factors that affect employee turnover in five-star hotels in Beijing, China (Doctoral dissertation, Auckland University of Technology). [Google Scholar]
  85. Weisberg, J., & Kirschenbaum, A. (1993). Gender and turnover: A re-examination of the impact of sex on intent and actual job changes. Human Relations, 46(8), 987-1006. [Google Scholar]
  86. Wiener, Y. (1982). Commitment in organizations: A normative view. Academy of management review, 7(3), 418-428. [Google Scholar]
  87. Wu, W. Y., & Nguyen, K. V. H. (2019). The antecedents and consequences of psychological capital: A meta-analytic approach. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 40(4), 435-456. [Google Scholar]
  88. Yamazakia, Y., &Petchdee, S. (2015). Turnover intention, organizational commitment, and specific job satisfaction among production employees in Thailand. Journal of Business and Management, 4(4), 22-38 [Google Scholar]
Download
Metric
History
Related

Volume 14 Issue 2

June 2023

All Articles

International Journal of Educational Researchers

International Association of Educators.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License.
Privacy policy     |     Terms of Use     |     Use of Cookies
Creative Commons Lisansı
© 2012 - 2024 - THDSoft e-Journal Management System.