International Association of Educators   |  ISSN: 1308-9501

Original article | International Journal of Educational Researchers 2023, Vol. 14(3) 89-103

An Assessment of Principals' Cultural Intelligence, Leadership Efficacy, and Preparedness

Loietta N Holmes & Warren Hope

pp. 89 - 103   |  DOI: https://doi.org/10.29329/ijer.2023.595.6   |  Manu. Number: MANU-2208-30-0004.R1

Published online: September 30, 2023  |   Number of Views: 117  |  Number of Download: 411


Abstract

Today’s principals must consider equity, diversity, and inclusion as they are elements that foster safe schools and improve students’ academic achievement. Principal preparation programs have been slow to respond to the realities of increased racial, ethnic, and culturally diverse schools nationwide. Research reveals that a cultural gap exists in schools throughout the United States and most administrators and teachers lack experience and training in leading and teaching students of color. To effectively address the learning needs of all students, school leaders must understand the histories and experiences of culturally, ethnically, linguistically, and racially diverse students. This research aimed to determine if there is a relationship among principals’ cultural intelligence, leadership efficacy, and preparedness to implement culturally responsive school leadership. Twenty-four secondary school leaders were selected to participate in this study. Two instruments, the Expanded Cultural Intelligence Scale and the Leader Efficacy Questionnaire and interviews were utilized for data collection. Four hypotheses, null and alternative were tested, and one research question was formulated for principals’ responses. Data analysis revealed no significant relationship among cultural intelligence, leadership efficacy, and preparedness of the participants. However, there was a meaningful relationship among the four constructs of Cultural Intelligence.

Keywords: cultural intelligence, leader efficacy, culturally responsive school leadership, diversity


How to Cite this Article?

APA 6th edition
Holmes, L.N. & Hope, W. (2023). An Assessment of Principals' Cultural Intelligence, Leadership Efficacy, and Preparedness . International Journal of Educational Researchers, 14(3), 89-103. doi: 10.29329/ijer.2023.595.6

Harvard
Holmes, L. and Hope, W. (2023). An Assessment of Principals' Cultural Intelligence, Leadership Efficacy, and Preparedness . International Journal of Educational Researchers, 14(3), pp. 89-103.

Chicago 16th edition
Holmes, Loietta N and Warren Hope (2023). "An Assessment of Principals' Cultural Intelligence, Leadership Efficacy, and Preparedness ". International Journal of Educational Researchers 14 (3):89-103. doi:10.29329/ijer.2023.595.6.

References
  1. Alon, I., & Higgins, J. M. (2005). Global leadership success through emotional and cultural intelligences. Business Horizons, 48(6), 501-512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2005.04.003 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  2. Anast-May, L., Buckner, B., & Greer, G. (2011). Redesigning principal internships: Practicing principals’ perspectives. The International Journal of Educational Leadership Preparation, 6(1), 1-7. http://cnx.org/content/m36680/1.3/ [Google Scholar]
  3. Ang, S., & Inkpen, A. C. (2008). Cultural intelligence and offshore outsourcing success: A framework of firm‐level intercultural capability. Decision Sciences, 39(3), 337-358. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.2008.00195.x [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  4. Ang, S., & Van Dyne, L. (2008). Conceptualization of cultural intelligence: Definition, distinctiveness, and nomological network. In S. Ang and L. Van Dyne (Eds.), Handbook of cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement, and applications (pp. 3–15). M. E. Sharpe. [Google Scholar]
  5. Banks, J. A. (2013). The construction and historical development of multicultural education, 1962-2012. Theory Into Practice, 52(sup1), 73-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2013.795444 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  6. Cunningham, W., & Sherman, W. H. (2008). Effective internships: Building bridges between theory and practice. The Educational Forum, 72, 308-318. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131720802361936 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  7. Dantley, M. E., & Tillman, L. (2010). Social justice and moral transformative leadership. In C. Marshall, & M. Olivia (Eds.), Leadership for social justice (pp. 16-30). Pearson. [Google Scholar]
  8. Darling-Hammond, L. (2005). Teaching as a profession: Lessons in teacher preparation and professional development. Phi Delta Kappan, 87(3), 237-240. https://doi.org/10.1177/003172170508700318 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  9. Earley, P. C. & Ang, S. (2003). Cultural intelligence: Individual interactions across cultures. Stanford University Press. [Google Scholar]
  10. Eken, I., Ozturgut, O., & Craven, A. E. (2014). Leadership styles and cultural intelligence. Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics, 11(3), 154-165. [Google Scholar]
  11.  Gay, G. (2018). Culturally responsive teaching theory, research, and practice (3rd ed.). Teacher College Press. [Google Scholar]
  12. Genao, S. (2021). Doing it for culturally responsive school leadership: Utilizing reflexivity from preparation to practice. Journal of Research on Leadership Education, 16(2), 158-170. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F19427751211002226 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  13. Horsford, S. D. (2011). Learning in a burning house: Educational inequality, ideology, and (dis)integration. Teachers College Press. [Google Scholar]
  14. Jones, B. A., & Nichols, E. J. (2013). Cultural competence in America’s schools: Leadership, engagement and understanding. Information Age Publishing, Inc. [Google Scholar]
  15. Khalifa, M. (2018). Culturally responsive school leadership. Harvard Education Press. [Google Scholar]
  16. Khalifa, M., Gooden, M. A., & Davis, J. E. (2016). Culturally responsive school leadership: A synthesis of the literature. Review of Educational Research, 86(4), 1272-1311. https://doi.org/10.3102%2F0034654316630383 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  17. Landa, C. (2011). Cultural proficiency in education: A review of the literature focused on teachers, school leaders, and schools. Gastón Institute Publications. [Google Scholar]
  18. Lindsey, R. B., Nuri-Robbins, K., Terrell, R., & Lindsey, D. (2019). Cultural proficiency: A manual for school leaders. (4th ed.). Cowin. [Google Scholar]
  19. Livermore, D. (2015). Leading with cultural intelligence. AMAZON. [Google Scholar]
  20. McKibben, S. (2013). Do local-level principal preparation programs prevent principal turnover. The Public Purpose, 11(11), 69-85. [Google Scholar]
  21. Santamaria, L. J., Santamaria, A. P., Webber, M., & Pearson, H. (2014). Indigenous urban school leadership: A critical cross-cultural comparative analysis of educational leaders in New Zealand and the United States. Canadian and International Education, 43(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.5206/cie-eci.v43i1.9240 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  22. Skria, L., Scheurich, J. J., Garcia, J., & Nolly, G. (2004). Equity audits: A practical leadership tool for developing equitable and excellent schools. Educational Administration Quarterly, 40(1), 133-161. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0013161X03259148 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  23. Stone-Johnson, C., & Patrizio, K. (2014). Learning to Lead Public Schools. Journal of Inquiry and Action in Education, 5(3). Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.buffalostate.edu/jiae/vol5/iss3/2 [Google Scholar]
  24. Superville, D. R. (2017). Pressure mounts on higher ed. to improve principal preparation: States and universities are under pressure to revamp how principals are trained for the profession. Education Week, 36(19), 12-15. [Google Scholar]
  25. The Wallace Foundation. (2012). The making of the principal: Five lessons in leadership training. [Google Scholar]
  26. U.S. Department of Education. (2016). The state of racial diversity in the educator workforce. Office of Planning, Evaluation and Policy Development. Policy and Program Studies Service. [Google Scholar]
  27. Van Dyne, V., Ang, S., & Koh, C. (2015). Development and validation of the CQS: The cultural intelligence scale. In S. Ang and L. Van Dyne (Eds.), Handbook of cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement, and applications (pp. 16-38). Routledge. [Google Scholar]
  28. Young, B. L., Madsen, J., & Young, M. A. (2010). Implementing diversity plans: Principals’ preparation of their ability to address diversity in their schools. NASSP Bulletin, 94, 135-157. [Google Scholar]
  29. Yukl, G. (2013). Effective leadership behavior: What we know and what questions need more attention. Academy of Management perspectives, 26(4), 66-85. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2012.0088 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]